Thoth is the ibis-headed god of wisdom, writing, and the moon [S4]. He is the scribe of the gods: he records the verdict in the 'Weighing of the Heart' (the judgment of the dead) [S2][S4]. He is the inventor of writing (hieroglyphs) and of magic [S4]. In the solar journey, Thoth helps Ra defeat Apep at the critical midnight hour [S2][S4]. Thoth is also associated with the moon (his name is linked to the 'calculations' of the lunar calendar) [S4]. He is a god of order and knowledge — the opposite of the chaos that Apep represents [S4].